Hangzhou fostered a galaxy of culturally significant celebrities including philosophers such as Gong Zizhen and Zhang Taiyan; litterateurs such as Bai Juyi, Lin Hejing, Fan Zhongyan, Chen Ruisheng, Luo Guanzhong, Shi Naian, Yu Dafu, Feng Zikai, Xiayan; Dramatists such as Li Yu and Hong Sheng; Artists suh as Li Tang, Liu Songnian, Ma Yuan, Xia Qi, Li Song, Wu Changshuo, Huang Binhong, Pan Tianshou, Huang Gongwang, Lin Fengmian, Gai Jiaotian; Scholars of Chinese such as Yu Quyuan and Ma Yifu; Scientists such as Shen Kuo, Bi Sheng, Li Zhizao, Zhu Kezhen, Mao Yisheng, Qian Xueseng; Education experts such as Lin Qi, Tao Xingzhi, Li Shutong; Scholars of medicine such as Wu Shangxian, Zhu Danxi, Wang Mengying; Great patriots such as Yue Fei, Yu Qian, and Zhang Cangshui.